By Shane Ward Eleven years after its last Strategic Concept, NATO faces its most critical self-assessment since the Cold War. “Our security environment is more complex and contested than ever before,” Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg reiterated earlier this year. “We are adapting to a more competitive world.” The new Strategic Concept, which establishes NATO’s “enduring […]
France
Fact Sheet: U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe
Nuclear weapons owned by the United States have been deployed in Europe since the mid-1950s, when President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorized their storage at allied North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) bases on the continent for use against the Soviet Union. Though NATO officially declares itself a “nuclear alliance,” it does not own any nuclear weapons. […]
Fact Sheet: France’s Nuclear Inventory
France began its nuclear weapons program in the early 1950s in an effort to restore political and military parity with their perceived peers and potential adversaries. In the wake of the United Kingdom and Russia acquiring nuclear capabilities, France moved quickly and produced its first plutonium bomb on July 1, 1963. The size, structure and doctrine […]
Fact Sheet: Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)
The Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) is an intergovernmental organization whose members implement voluntary export controls on missiles capable of delivering nuclear, chemical or biological weapons, as well as related technology. As of April 2021, 35 nations are members of the MTCR. Objective The MTCR was founded in 1987 by Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the […]
A quick guide to the JCPOA Dispute Resolution Mechanism
By Samuel Hickey, Research Analyst On January 14, 2020, the E3 (France, Germany and the United Kingdom) together triggered the dispute resolution mechanism (DRM) enshrined in the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), better known as the Iran nuclear deal. The E3 have been threatening this action for months and the E3 countries are […]
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